Ulster | Encyclopedia.com (2024)

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views updated May 21 2018

Ulster. The northern province of Ireland, comprising the counties of Antrim, Down, Armagh, Cavan, Monaghan, Fermanagh, Donegal, Tyrone, and Londonderry. It was dominated by Gaelic lords until the 17th cent.; the Normans under John de Courcy and Hugh de Lacy establishing a foothold in eastern Ulster in the late 12th and early 13th cents.: de Lacy was created earl of Ulster by King John in 1205. The Norman intrusion was both socially and geographically confined: Ulster remained the most Gaelic, and—from the perspective of English governors in Dublin—inaccessible part of Ireland until the plantation of 1609. The flight of the Gaelic lords in 1607 after the failure of Tyrone's rebellion opened the way to mass confiscations of land by the crown, and the redistribution of this property through a programme of colonization. The Ulster plantation embraced the six central and western counties of Ulster: an earlier plantation in Monaghan (1593) was allowed to stand, and the eastern counties, long characterized by informal British settlement, were also untouched. The destruction of Gaelic society continued during the Commonwealth, when massive confiscations occurred in eastern and southern Ulster: the Gaelic aristocracy was, by 1660, all but annihilated. The victory of the Williamite forces in Ireland by 1691 confirmed this territorial distribution, and opened the way to further British migration. However, the weak economic condition of Ireland at the beginning of the 18th cent. stemmed this tide, and indeed produced a flow of presbyterian emigrants. The mid- and late 18th cent. saw economic growth throughout most of Ireland, and at this time Ulster emerged as the centre of the Irish linen industry, Belfast developing as a significant industrial centre. The commercial success of especially eastern Ulster in the 19th cent., allied with the substantial British and protestant population, helped cut the region off from the rising nationalist fervour elsewhere in Ireland: by the time of the first Home Rule Bill (1886), there was broad support for the maintenance of a constitutional link with Britain. In 1920 the island was partitioned, with the six most unionist counties—the new Northern Ireland—obtaining a separate devolved parliament and government. This partition settlement was confirmed by the Anglo-Irish treaty of 1921, and by the Boundary Commission of 1925: it was further underwritten by the Ireland Act (1949), passed by the United Kingdom House of Commons after the declaration of a republic by Dublin in 1948. However, the dominant unionist social and political culture of Northern Ireland came under increasing challenge from the nationalist minority, benefiting from improved access to higher education, but still economically and culturally disadvantaged. Between 1969 and 1994, in the context of a low-grade civil war conducted between loyalist and republican paramilitaries and the Royal Ulster Constabulary and British army, an untenable position of unionist political predominance was gradually undermined. Although ‘Ulster’—the old provincial label is still sometimes applied to Northern Ireland—looks set to remain with Britain, it is probable that its governing institutions will more faithfully reflect its cultural and political diversity.

Alvin Jackson

The Oxford Companion to British History JOHN CANNON

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views updated May 23 2018

Ulster a former province of Ireland, in the north of the island; with Leinster, Munster, and Connaught one of the original four provinces, the ‘four green fields’ of Ireland. The nine counties of Ulster are now divided between Northern Ireland (Antrim, Down, Armagh, Londonderry, Tyrone, and Fermanagh) and the Republic of Ireland (Cavan, Donegal, and Monaghan). The name is also used generally for Northern Ireland, particularly in a political context.
Ulster King of Arms formerly the chief heraldic officer for Ireland; since 1943, the office has been united with that of Norroy King of Arms.

The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable ELIZABETH KNOWLES

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views updated May 18 2018

Ulster Most northerly of Ireland's four ancient provinces, consisting of nine counties. Since 1922, six of these counties have been in Northern Ireland, while Cavan, Donegal, and Monaghan form Ulster province in the Republic of Ireland. Area: 8012sq km (3092sq mi). Pop. (1996) 234,251 (Republic).

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views updated Jun 08 2018

ulster (U-) king-of-arms for Ireland XVI; long loose overcoat of rough cloth introduced by J. G. McGee & Co. of Belfast, capital of Ulster XIX. Name of the most northerly province of Ireland, the earlier form of which was Ulvester — ON. Ulfastir, also Ulaztir, Ulaðstir, f. Ir. Ulaidh men of Ulster; the el. -ster is perh. to be referred to (O)Ir. tír land = L. terra.

The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology T. F. HOAD

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views updated Jun 27 2018

ul·ster / ˈəlstər/ • n. a man's long, loose overcoat of rough cloth, typically with a belt at the back.

The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English

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Ulster | Encyclopedia.com (2024)

FAQs

What does Ulster mean in Irish? ›

It translates as 'Land of the Ulaidh', the ancient kings and their people that ruled over most of the north of Ireland in pre-Norman times.

Is Ulster Protestant or Catholic? ›

Unlike the other provinces, Ulster has a high percentage of Protestants, making up almost half of its population.

What is the Viking name for Ulster? ›

The Vikings changed this name to Ulaidstir. After that the Normans called it Uluestere. That, of course, is how we get the name Ulster. In Irish, Ulster is called Ulaidh or Cúige Uladh (the province of Ulster).

Is Ulster in Ireland or Scotland? ›

Ulster is one of four provinces of Ireland and lies to the north. The remaining 3 provinces are Leinster to the east, Munster to the south and Connaucht to the west. Ulster is comprised of 9 counties (Londonderry(Derry), Antrim, Down, Tyrone, Armagh, Fermanagh, Cavan, Monaghan and Donegal.

Do people in Northern Ireland consider themselves Irish? ›

Today, the former generally see themselves as British and the latter generally see themselves as Irish, while a Northern Irish or Ulster identity is claimed by a significant minority from all backgrounds. The creation of Northern Ireland was accompanied by violence both in defence of and against partition.

What's the difference between Ulster and Northern Ireland? ›

The name Ulster is now used by many to refer to Northern Ireland. Ancient Ulster extended from the northern and northeastern coasts of Ireland south to what is now County Louth and west to what is now County Donegal.

Why did Northern Ireland split from Ireland? ›

The whole conflict that led to partition reduces fundamentally to the failure of the Reformation in Ireland and the fact that it threw up a confessional divide between the British generally: between the English, the Welsh, the Scots—and the Irish, who remained largely Catholic.

What is the only Protestant town in Ireland? ›

Chances are that most people have probably driven through it almost before they've realised they were in it, but Drum does leave a lasting impression - because it's the only Protestant village in the Republic of Ireland.

What is a female Viking called? ›

Women that fought were in the Norse literature called vakyries or shield-maidens (skjoldsmøyer). There were several kinds of female warriors. – Some were divine beings, like the valkyries sent by Odin to pick up the warriors that were slain on the battlefield.

What is the Red Hand of Ulster? ›

The Red Hand is one of the only emblems in Northern Ireland used by both communities in Northern Ireland although it is more associated with the Protestant community. Catholics see it as representing the nine counties of Ulster while Protestants see it as representing the six counties of Northern Ireland.

What do the Irish call Northern Ireland? ›

Northern Ireland is literally translated to Tuaisceart Éireann in Irish (though it is sometimes known as Na Sé Chontae 'The Six Counties' as well as Tuaisceart na hÉireann '[the] North of Ireland' by republicans) and Norlin Airlann or Northern Ireland in Ulster Scots.

Are Irish and Scottish people related? ›

Yes, they are related. Many Scottish and Irish people consider the two countries to be sister nations. Foremost, Scots and Irish people have Celtic roots, along with the Bretons, Cornish, Manx, and Welsh.

Why did the Scots leave Ulster? ›

The migration of Ulster-Scots to America began in the late seventeenth century. A high proportion of the earliest emigrants were from north-west Ulster and in particular from County Donegal. Their reasons for leaving included economic pressures and religious persecution due to their Presbyterian beliefs.

Who are Ulster people? ›

The Ulster Scots people are an ethnic group descended largely from Scottish and English settlers who moved to the north of Ireland during the 17th century. There is an Ulster Scots dialect of the Scots language.

Why did the Scots Irish leave Ulster? ›

The migration of Ulster-Scots to America began in the late seventeenth century. A high proportion of the earliest emigrants were from north-west Ulster and in particular from County Donegal. Their reasons for leaving included economic pressures and religious persecution due to their Presbyterian beliefs.

Are Ulster Scots considered Irish? ›

The Scots Irish, also known as Scotch Irish (especially in USA) or Ulster Scots (especially in Northern Ireland), are an ethnic group found in the province of Ulster in the north of Ireland.

What is Ulster called now? ›

The name Ulster is now used by many to refer to Northern Ireland. Ancient Ulster extended from the northern and northeastern coasts of Ireland south to what is now County Louth and west to what is now County Donegal.

Is Ulster Irish different? ›

Ulster Irish shares some similarities with Scottish Gaelic and Manx, a language spoken on the Isle of Man. Much like Scottish Gaelic and Manx, Ulster Irish uses the negative particle cha(n), while Munster and Connacht dialects tend to use ní. Examples of Ulster Irish are as follows: Cad é mar atá tú? (How are you?)

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